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Acid
detergent fiber (ADF) |
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Fiber
measurement extracted with acidic detergent in a technique employed
to help appraise the quality of forages. Includes cellulose,
lignin, ADIN, and acid-insoluble ash. ADF is highly correlated
with cell wall digestibility. The higher the ADF, the lower
the digestibility or available energy. |
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Acid
detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) |
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Protein
or nitrogen that has become chemically linked to carbohydrates
to form an indigestible compound. Also referred to as an insoluble
crude protein. |
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Adjusted
crude protein (ACP) |
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Protein
content adjusted for the amount of heat-damaged protein. Used
in place of CP when ADIN makes up more than 10 percent of the
CP content of a feed. |
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Amino
acids |
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The
building blocks of proteins. Used extensively for milk and muscle
protein synthesis. Used also for glucose synthesis in the liver. |
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Ammonia |
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A
colorless nitrogen compound produced as protein and non-protein
nitrogen degrades or breaks down in the rumen. It can be used
to synthesize bacterial protein. |
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Anion |
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A
negatively charged ion or particle, such as chloride or sulfate.
Anionic salts are nutritionally important in dry cow rations
to aid in the prevention of milk fever. |
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Ash |
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The
mineral matter present in feed. It is measured by burning the
sample at 500°C until all organic matter is burned and removed. |
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Cation |
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A
positively charged ion or particle. |
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Cellulose |
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The
principle carbohydrate constituent of plant cell membranes.
It is made available to ruminants through the action of cellulolytic
bacteria in the rumen. |
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Carbohydrates
(CHO) |
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Includes
the sugars, starch, cellulose, gums, and related substances.
Carbohydrates are the largest component in the dairy cow diet
and contribute 60 to 70 percent of the net energy used for milk
production. Their abbreviation, CHO, indicates that they contain
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. |
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Concentrate |
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A
broad classification of food stuffs that are high in energy
and low in crude fiber (less than 18 percent). Included are
cereal grains, soybean oil meal, cottonseed meal, and by-products
of the milling industry such as corn gluten and wheat bran.
A concentrate may be low or rich in protein. |
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Crude
fiber (CF) |
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That
portion of feedstuffs composed of polysaccharides such as cellulose,
hemicellulose, and lignin. These serve as structural and protective
parts of plants (high in forages and low in grains). CF is no
longer considered a viable measurement. |
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Crude
protein (CP) |
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Total
protein in a feed. To calculate the protein percentage, a feed
is first chemically analyzed for nitrogen content. Since proteins
average approximately 16 percent nitrogen, the percentage of
nitrogen in the analysis is multiplied by 6.25 to give the percent
CP. |
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Degradable
intake protein (DIP) |
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Protein
or nitrogen that is degraded in the rumen by microorganisms
and incorporated into microbial protein or freed as ammonia. |
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Dry
matter (DM) |
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That
part of feed which is not water. |
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Ensilage |
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Forage
preserved by fermentation in a bag, silo, pit, bunker or stack,
usually in chopped form. Also called silage. |
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Fiber |
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The
cellulose portion of roughage (forages) that is low in TDN and
hard to digest by monogastric animals. |
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Forage |
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The
vegetative portion of plants in a fresh, dried, or ensiled state
which is fed to livestock. Grasses and legumes cut at the proper
stage of maturity and stored to preserve quality. |
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Green
chop (fresh forage) |
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Forages
harvested (cut and chopped) in the field and fed directly to
livestock. Also called zero grazing or soilage. |
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Hay |
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Dried
forage (grasses, alfalfa, clovers) used for feeding farm animals. |
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High-moisture
silage |
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Silage
containing 70 percent or more moisture. |
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Legume |
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Clovers,
alfalfa, and similar crops that can absorb nitrogen directly
from the atmosphere through action of bacteria that live in
their roots and use it as a nutrient for growth. |
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Lignin |
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A
compound which, with cellulose, forms the cell walls of plants.
It is practically indigestible. |
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Lipid |
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Any
one of a group of organic substances that are insoluble in water
though soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and other fat
solvents, and have a greasy feel. They are rich sources of dietary
energy. |
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Non-protein
nitrogen (NPN) |
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Used
by rumen microorganisms to synthesize protein. |
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Neutral
detergent fiber (NDF) |
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A
measurement of fiber after digesting in a non-acidic, non-alkaline
detergent as an aid in determining quality of forages. Contains
the fibers in ADF, plus hemicellulose. |
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Nitrogen
balance |
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Nitrogen
in the food consumed minus nitrogen in feces and nitrogen in
urine (nitrogen retention). |
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Nitrogen-free
extract (NFE) |
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Consisting
of carbohydrates, sugars, starches, and a major portion of materials
classed as hemicellulose in feeds. When crude protein, fat,
water, ash, and fiber are added and the sum is subtracted from
100, the difference is NFE. |
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Non-fiber
carbohydrates |
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The
highly digestible carbohydrate fraction of feeds consisting
of starch, sugar, and pectin. Subtracting percent (DM basis)
NDF, CP, ether extract (fat) and ash from 100 provides as estimate
of NFC percent in feeds. (NFC%=100 n [%NDF + %CP + %fat
+ %ash]) |
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Protein
equivalent |
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A
term indicating the total nitrogen content of a substance in
comparison with the nitrogen content of protein (usually plant).
For example, the non-protein nitrogen (NPN) compounded, urea,
contains approximately 45 percent nitrogen and has a protein
equivalent of 281 percent (6.25 x 45 percent). |
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Ration |
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The
amount of feed supplied to an animal for a definitive period,
usually 24 hours. |
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Relative
feed value (RFV) |
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Developed
primarily for use with legume or legume/grass forages, RFV combines
digestibility and intake estimates into one number for an easy
and effective way to identify and market quality hay. RFV is
expressed as a percent compared to full bloom alfalfa at 100
percent RFV. |
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Roughage |
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Consists
of pasture, silage, hay, or other dry fodder. It may be of high
or low quality. Roughages are usually high in crude fiber (more
than 18 percent) and relatively lower in NFE (approximately
40 percent). |
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Saturated
fatty acids |
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A
completely hydrogenated fat, each carbon atom is associated
with the maximum number of hydrogen; there are not double bonds.
Saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature. Tallow
is an example of a saturated fat, although approximately 50
percent of the fatty acids are unsaturated. Saturated fats tend
to have less detrimental effects on rumen fermentation than
unsaturated fats. |
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Silage |
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Green
forage, such as grass or clover, or fodder, such as field corn
or sorghum, that is chopped and compacted into a feed storage
bag, silo, or bunker to create an anaerobic or air-free environment
and undergoes an acid fermentation (lactic and acetic acids)
that retards spoilage. |
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Total
mixed ration (TMR) |
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A
blend of all food stuffs (forages and grains) in one feed. A
complete ration that fits well into mechanized feeding and the
use of computers to formulate least-cost rations. |
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Unsaturated
fat |
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A
fat having one or more double bonds, not completely hydrogenated. |
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Urea |
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A
non-protein organic nitrogenous compound. It is made synthetically
by combining ammonia and carbon dioxide |
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